How Much Can You Afford?

Start out with a budget so you can determine your price range

If you're like many first-time homebuyers, chances are you've been spending your weekends driving around visiting open houses and new model homes. This is a great way to get a feel for what you want. The problem is that what you want isn't always what you should get.

Before you start touring homes for sale, it's important to start off with a budget so you know how much you can afford to spend. Knowing what mortgage payment you can handle will also help you narrow the field so you don't waste precious time touring homes that are out of your reach.

Where to begin

The key factor in figuring how much home you can afford is your debt-to-income ratio. This is the figure lenders use to determine how much mortgage debt you can handle, and thus the maximum loan amount you will be offered. The ratio is based on how much personal debt you are carrying in relation to how much you earn, and it's expressed as a percentage.

The ideal ratio

Mortgage lenders generally use a ratio of 36 percent as the guideline for how high your debt-to-income ratio should be. A ratio above 36 percent is seen as risky, and the lender will likely either deny the loan or charge a higher interest rate. Another good guideline is that no more than 28 percent of your gross monthly income goes to housing expenses.

Doing the math

First, figure out how much total debt you (and your spouse, if applicable) can carry with a 36 percent ratio. To do this, multiply your monthly gross income (your total income before taxes and other expenses such as health care) by .36. For example, if your gross income is $6,500:

Next, add up all your family's fixed monthly debt expenses, such as car payments, your minimum credit card payments, student loans and any other regular debt payments. (Include monthly child support, but not bills such as groceries or utilities.)

*Your minimum credit card payment is not your total balance every month. It is your required minimum payment -- usually between two and three percent of the outstanding balance.

To continue with the above example, let's assume your total monthly debt payments come to $750. You would then subtract $750 from your total allowable monthly debt payments to calculate your maximum monthly mortgage payment:

In this example, the most you could afford for a home would be $1,590 per month. And keep in mind that this number includes private mortgage insurance, homeowner's insurance and property taxes. To determine the price of home you can afford based on this amount, use a home affordability calculator.

Exceptions to the 36 percent rule

In regions with higher home prices, it may be hard to stay within the 36 percent guideline. There are lenders that allow a debt-to-income ratio as high as 45 percent. In addition, some mortgage programs, such as Federal Housing Authority mortgages and Veterans Administration mortgages, allow a ratio higher than 36 percent. But keep in mind that a higher ratio may increase your interest rate, so you may be better off in the long run with a less expensive home. It's also important to try to pay down as much debt as possible before you begin looking for a mortgage, as that can help lower your debt-to-income ratio.

Choosing The Best Lender

When shopping for a loan, it's important to compare lenders as well as loan offers

You're shopping for a mortgage and you've received four offers from four lenders. How do you choose? The first factor most people consider is the interest rate and other costs, but that's only the beginning. You'll also want to think about the lenders themselves, not simply the numbers they're tossing your way.

Here are five steps to follow when determining which lender is right for you:

1. Compare fees as well as interest rates

Comparing loans based on their annual percentage rate (APR) is a good place to start, but it's not enough. In the case of a mortgage, to get a more accurate breakdown of costs, ask the various lenders for a formal "good faith estimate" of all the fees you'll incur with your loan -- this is a standard form lenders must provide you that is more detailed than the overview you'll get with an offer. Also, ask about potential charges that may not appear on that list, such as prepayment penalties. You're not just comparing numbers here: determine how honest and upfront you feel the lender is being, and don't use a lender that you feel is evading your questions.

2. Consider your individual circumstances

Bigger lenders aren't necessarily better than smaller ones, especially if you have unusual circumstances. For example, some lenders specialize in loans for people with poor credit, while others may have more options for those with small down payments. If you have special borrowing needs, look for a lender with experience working with people in similar situations.

3. Look at the range of loan types available

There are more loan options available than ever before, so take advantage of all that choice. Look for a lender who offers a wide variety of loan types, from conventional fixed-rate and adjustable-rate to newer ones such as hybrid ARMs and option ARMs. Your lender should be able to match you with a mortgage that's right for your financial situation and risk tolerance.

4. Evaluate the level of customer service

When you're comparing offers, ask each lender about their policy regarding locking in their quoted rates and see whether there is a fee. Also, ask them to amend one of the terms (such as a payment cap) and see how willingly they agree. You're looking for flexibility and responsiveness. And also note how well they listen to you. If you ask for a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage, they ought to present that as an option, not push you toward something different, such as an interest-only loan. If you're not getting good service from a lender who is competing for your business, you're not likely to get it after you've agreed to work with them.

5. Check out the lender's reputation

Word of mouth is important in every business, including the loan market. If you've never worked with a particular lender, you'll want to find out the opinion of people who have.

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 The Closing Process

Closing consists of all the necessary final steps involved in sealing the deal on a home purchase. It includes:

The offer to purchase

There's no foolproof way to make an offer that's guaranteed to be accepted by the seller. But once you find your perfect house, it's wise to move fast. A good rule of thumb is to make an offer that's eight to 10 percent below the asking price, though that might not work in some areas based on trends in the market. This gives you some room to negotiate, but don't top what you've predetermined to be the highest price you can afford.

The deposit

Also known as earnest money, this is a demonstration of good faith and commitment by the buyer to the seller. It is usually 1 percent of the home's purchase price and is included in an offer to purchase. Either the real estate agent or the seller's lawyer holds the deposit in trust until the deal closes. If you decide not to close on a deal once your offer has been accepted, you may lose your deposit and be sued for damages. If the seller does not accept your offer, your deposit will be returned. If the sale proceeds, your deposit is usually applied to your down payment.

Contingencies

These are certain requirements specified in a contract that need to be met before the buyer is required to close. Typical among them: the buyer's securing of financing and an acceptable house inspection. Generally speaking, an inspection contingency covers a 10-to-14-day period from the acceptance of the contract, and financing contingencies run for 30 days. But in a seller's market, buyers may be asked to fulfill their contingency requirements in shorter time frames.

Home inspection

In a home inspection, a professional conducts a thorough examination of a property to assess its structural and mechanical condition. The idea here is that a trained home inspector will be able to catch potential problems that a buyer might not detect.

The contract

This follows the acceptance of an offer by the seller, and it is a legal and binding obligation, on the part of the buyer, to purchase the property if any contingencies are met. It outlines the details of the transaction, including: a description of the property, the selling price, the date of closing, the possession date and any applicable contingencies.

Settlement sheet

Also called a "closing statement" or a "settlement statement," this is a document that the Department of Housing and Urban Development requires to account for all financial aspects surrounding the sale and purchase of a home. It provides an enumerated list of the funds that were paid at closing. Items on the statement include real estate commissions and initial escrow amounts (money or securities deposited with a neutral third party - the escrow agent - to be delivered upon fulfillment of certain conditions). The Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act requires that a copy of the settlement sheet be distributed to both parties at least one day prior to settlement.

Closing documentation

Before you can close on a house, some paperwork must be completed. This includes a title search to make sure the title is clear, title insurance to protect the buyer and the lender from an oversight regarding a claim on some aspect of the property and an application for homeowner's insurance (necessary for securing a mortgage).

Closing costs

The total amount of closing costs varies, but may include: a loan origination fee, an appraisal fee, the cost of a credit report, a lender's inspection fee, the cost of title insurance, a mortgage broker fee, taxes and a fee for document preparation. Your lender is required to give you prior notice of fees associated with your loan.

Final arrangements

Before the deal is closed and you take possession, you must make some practical arrangements regarding utility service and first mortgage payment.

Settlement

Settlement describes the payment of the balance of the purchase price the buyer owes on the property, and the transfer of the title. It takes place on the possession date specified in the agreement.

Home Refinancing Basics

Before you refinance, know the pitfalls as well as the advantages

In recent years, millions of homeowners have taken advantage of low rates and refinanced their mortgages. This article describes the advantages and possible pitfalls associated with a "refi."

Before You Start:

• Remember that refinancing to reduce debt can be a smart move, but refinancing in order to borrow more for consumer purchases (car, vacation, etc.) could set you back significantly.
• Read the fine print on your current mortgage to learn whether you'll be assessed penalties or fees for "getting out" of that loan early.
• Make sure you know whether you have a fixed or variable interest rate and what the terms are.

Home Refinancing Basics

In recent years, Americans seeking to take advantage of low interest rates have lined up to refinance their mortgages. In fact, refinancing hit an all-time high in 2003, and remained high in both 2004 and 2005, according to the Mortgage Bankers Association of America.

But while it's true that refinancing has the potential to help you reduce the costs associated with borrowing money to own a home, it is not necessarily a strategy that makes sense for every individual in every situation. So before you make a commitment to refinance your mortgage, it's important to do your homework and determine whether such a move is the right one for you.

To Refinance or Not

The old and arbitrary rule of thumb said that a refi only makes sense if you can lower your interest rate by at least two percentage points for example, from 9 percent to 7 percent. But what really matters is how long it will take you to break even and whether you plan to stay in your home that long. In other words, make sure you understand - and are comfortable with - the amount of time it will take for your overall savings to compensate for the cost of the refinancing.

Consider this: If you had a $200,000 30-year mortgage with an 8 percent interest rate, your monthly payment would be $1,468. If you refinanced at 6 percent, your new monthly payment would be $1,199, a savings of $269 per month. Assuming that your new closing costs amounted to $2,000, it would take eight months to break even. ($269 x 8 = $2,152). If you planned to stay in your home for at least eight more months, then a refi would be appropriate under these conditions. If you planned to sell the house before then, you might not want to bother refinancing. (See below for additional examples.)

Remember: All Mortgages Are Not Created Equal

Don't make the mistake of choosing a mortgage based only on its stated annual percentage rate (APR), because there are a variety of other important variables to consider, such as:

The term of the mortgage - This describes the amount of time it will take you to pay off the loan's principal and interest. Although short-term mortgages typically offer lower interest rates than long-term mortgages, they usually involve higher monthly payments. On the other hand, they can result in significantly reduced interest costs over time.

The variability of the interest rate - There are two basic types of mortgages: those with "fixed" (i.e., unchanging) interest rates and those with variable rates, which can change after a predetermined amount of time has passed, such as one year or five years. While an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) usually offers a lower introductory rate than a fixed-rate mortgage with a comparable term, the ARM's rate could jump in the future if interest rates rise. If you plan to stay in your home for a long time, it may make sense to opt for the predictability and security of a fixed rate, whereas an ARM might make sense if you plan to sell before its rate is allowed to go up. Also keep in mind that interest rates hovered near historical lows in recent years and are more likely to increase than decrease over time.

Points - Points (also known as "origination fees" or "discount fees") are fees that you pay to a lender or broker when you close the deal. While a "no-cost" or "zero points" mortgage does not carry this up-front cost, it could prove to be more expensive if the lender charges a higher interest rate instead. So you'll need to determine whether the savings from a lower rate justify the added costs of paying points. (One point is equal to one percent of the loan's value.)

Stick With What You Know?

Finally, keep in mind that your current lender may make it easier and cheaper to refinance than another lender would. That's because your current lender is likely to have all of your important financial information on hand already, which reduces the time and resources necessary to process your application. But don't let that be your only consideration. To make a well-informed, confident decision you'll need to shop around, crunch the numbers, and ask plenty of questions.

Summary:

• The decision to refinance should only be made if the long-term savings outweigh the initial expenses. To calculate your break-even point, divide the cost of the refi by your monthly savings. The resulting figure represents the number of months you will need to stay in the home to make the strategy work.
• Don't select a new mortgage based only on its annual percentage rate.
• Also evaluate the term of the loan, whether the interest rate is fixed or variable, and the relative merits of paying up-front fees in exchange for a lower rate.
• Your current lender already knows you and has your financial information on file, so you may be able to get a better deal that way, instead of going to a new lender.
• To get the best possible refinancing deal, you'll need to shop around, crunch some numbers, and ask a lot of questions.

Checklist:

• Shop around and conduct a detailed cost assessment (with a financial professional, if necessary) to identify which mortgage offers the greatest financial benefits.
• Read the entire contract before signing. Don't let anyone pressure you or rush you to make a hasty decision.
• If refinancing results in lower monthly payments, use those savings to pursue other important goals, such as preparing for retirement and college costs.